The Baader Meinhof Gang Free Essays

The Baader Meinhof Gang, also known as the Red Army Faction, was one of the most active militant left-wing groups of postwar West Germany that gained prominence in the 1970s and 80s. Like may other radical communist groups of its time, it was formed with the objective of overthrowing social and political order to give rise to a totalitarian socialist state. Although the group described itself as a ‘Communist Urban Guerilla Group engaged in armed resistance’ its use of arms and weaponry quickly gained it the reputation of being one of the most deadly terrorist groups in Europe at that time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Baader Meinhof Gang or any similar topic only for you Order Now By the end of the 70s the group was responsible for over 30 killings and a series of bombings and kidnappings that aroused severe social and political unrest in the country. The Backdrop of Social Political Unrest The formation of the Baader Meinhof Group or Gang can be traced back to the social and political instability in West Germany in the late 1960s. As in many industrialized nations, young students and workers disillusioned with the ‘oppressive’ regimes of the capitalist government began to stage massive protests. Their objective was to fight for freedom and human rights and they brought issues such as anti-imperialism, racism and the Vietnam War to the forefront of radical politics. The ‘German student movement’ as it was later termed was fuelled by a series of events that took place in the arena of German politics. In 1956, the Communist Party of Germany was banned. Government positions were occupied by ex-Nazis resulting in anger and frustration at the ineffectiveness of de-Nazification after World War II. The media was considered biased as it was controlled by anti-radical conservatives. The mid 1960s saw the merging of the country’s two major political parties- the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP) and the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) to form a new government. This was referred to as the ‘grand coalition’ in Germany in 1966, with a former Nazi, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, as chancellor. This development was received with outrage from the radicals who viewed it as a collusion of capitalist power as a convenient way to block out the left-wing opposition parties. Since 95% of the Bundestag (West German Parliament) was controlled by the coalition, a new opposition party was formed called the Ausserparlamentarische Opposition (APO) or Extra Parliamentary Opposition, with the objective of carrying out political activity and protests independent of the government. The APO provided a platform for student radicals to wage resistance against the coalition and played a central role in the German student movement. What started out as peaceful demonstrations turned into violent protests on June 2, 1967 when the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, visited West Berlin. During one such demonstration outside the opera house where he was visiting, German student, Benno Ohnesorg was shot in the head and killed. The police officer responsible for the shooting was later acquitted. Outrage of the radicals led to the creation of a new militant group called ‘Movement 2 June’, named after the date of Ohnesorg’s death. Formation of The RAF It was against the backdrop of this social and political environment and the impact of Ohnesorg’s death that led to the formation of an alliance between Thorwald Proll, Horst Sohnlein, Gudrun Ensslin and Andreas Baader. Together they detonated home made bombs in several Frankfurt department stores to protest against the Vietnam War. All four were subsequently arrested on April 2, 1967 and later convicted of arson and sentenced to three years imprisonment. Three of the members including Baader and Ensslin managed to escape during a special parole for political prisoners. Baader was soon recaptured, while the remaining members fled to France and Italy and hid underground. During his stay in prison, Andreas Baader gained permission to write a book on ‘organizing young people on the fringes of society’. For this he was granted the privilege of visiting a library accompanied by uniformed armed guards. It was during one such library visit in 1970 that Baader managed to escape with the help of left-wing journalist Ulrike Meinhof. It was here that the Baader-Meinhof duo came together, referring to their alliance as the Red Army Faction. Soon after, several members of the group went to Jordan where they received training in the use of arms by a military camp run by the Palestinian Liberation Organization. The Rise of the RAF Hereafter the RAF slowly grew to become one of the most prominent left-wing militant groups in West Germany and was engaged in numerous killings, bombings and robberies in attempt to get their message across through force. It attracted members and supporters from several other radical groups across the country such as the ‘Revolutionary Cells’, ‘Movement 2 June’, the ‘Situationsists’ and the ‘Socialist Patients’ Collective’. Its rules and mission were partly modeled after a revolutionary group in Uruguay called the ‘Tupamaros Movement’ which succeeded in bringing guerilla war against imperialist oppression, under Che Guevara’s government, from rural areas to metropolitan cities. To avoid capture, most members operated under code names and carried out terrorist activities under a single contract. In June 1972, Baader was recaptured along with his accomplice Jan-Carl Raspe, followed by his girlfriend Ensslin and later Meinhof. Although kept in solitary confinement in a high security prison – Stammheim Prison in Stuggart, the group members devised a means of communicating with one another through letters delivered through their lawyers. With the core members of the group in prison, the group’s activities were taken over by a second generation of militants whose aim now was to secure the release of its leaders. This led to some of the worst terrorist attacks in the group’s history. The German Autumn On April 24, 1975, the RAF occupied the German Embassy in Stockholm where it demanded the release of its leaders in return for the freeing of hostages. When the German government refused, the RAF murdered two of the hostages. Baader and his fellow accomplices were finally put on trial in May 1975 – one of the most long drawn out and costly trials in West German history. Exactly a year later in May 1976, Ulrike Meinhof was found dead in her prison cell after an apparent suicide in which she had hung herself with a rope of towels. As the trial progressed, a number of high profile attacks took place. These involved the killing of Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback at a traffic signal, along with his driver and body guard, by two members of the RAF in April 1977. Three months later, in July 1977, Juergen Ponto, the CEO of Dresdner Bank was shot and killed outside his home in the German town of Oberursel. The following September, Hans Martin Schleyer, head of the German Association of Employers and one of the most powerful industrialists in the country, was kidnapped after his driver and bodyguards were shot dead by RAF militants. After taking Schleyer hostage, the RAF demanded the release of eleven prisoners including the leaders of the RAF at Stammheim Prison. Under the advice of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, the government decided not to accede and instead set up a crisis committee to investigate the whereabouts of Schleyer. Before the situation could be resolved, another attack took place which marked the culmination of terrorist activities associated with the RAF. This attack took place in October 1977 when Lufthansa flight 181 from Majorca to Frankfurt was hijacked by a group of Arabs who appeared to have close links with the RAF as they also demanded the release of the same prisoners as in the Schleyer case. The crisis committee again refused to give in to the hijackers demands, after which the flight captain was murdered and his body disposed of on a runway. A rescue operation was quickly put in motion led by under-secretary Hans Jurgen Wischenewski, during which the elite force of the German Federal Police were finally able to free the aircraft by shooting down all four hijackers. Shortly after, success of the rescue operation, with not a single passenger hurt, was made public by the media. The same night, three of the imprisoned RAF members – Baader, Ensslin and Raspe were found dead in their cells in what appeared to be a planned and collective suicide. The same night Schleyer was shot dead and the location of his executed body was communicated to the French press the following day. It was this string of bloody events that is frequently referred to as the German Autumn (Der Deutsche Herbst) The Downfall The ideology behind the 70s killings is still unclear and by the end of the 1970s the group’s sole objective appeared to be the release of its imprisoned leaders. The second generation of RAF members remained active in the 1980s gaining some East German support in the form of shelter and funding. The group continued to target prominent industrialists and executives and in 1985 murdered Ernst Zimmerman, CEO of a German engineering company. This was followed by a bombing at a US airforce base near Frankfurt which killed three. Seimen’s executive, Karl-Heinz Beckurts was killed by a car bomb in 1986. In 1989, Duetsche Bank chairman, Alfred Herrhausen was also killed by a car bomb planted by the RAF. As attacks continued throughout the 1980s and early 90s, the RAF attracted increasingly fewer supporters and less sympathy from the left. Its popularity quickly waned after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and after a long silence the group announced its dissolution in April 1998. References Alpert, Jane. (1987) The Baader-Meinhof Group: The Inside Story of a Phenomenon. Translated by Anthea Bell. London: Bodley Head. Becker, Jillian. (1977) Hitler’s Children: The Story of the Baader-Meinhof Terrorist Gang. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Katsiaficas, George. (1987) The Imagination of the New Left: A Global Analysis of 1968. Boston: Beacon Press. How to cite The Baader Meinhof Gang, Papers

Richard Scofield free essay sample

One of the hardest times in my life has been the death of my basketball coach, Richard Scofield. He has been the head coach for around seven years before this tragedy happened. My dad was his assistant coach and one of his best friends. It was my time to have the opportunity to play under him. I was looking forward to this ever since he started his coaching career at my school. Our team made it to the regional round of the playoffs, but we unfortunately lost. It was his son’s senior year, and I have never seen a coach show as much passion as he did in that game. This man loved the game, but loved is players more. It was a couple of months after the season ended, and we were heading into track season when we heard the news that our coach was hospitalized with a heart attack. We will write a custom essay sample on Richard Scofield or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was scared at first, but I never suspected that he wouldnt’t make it because he was one of the strongest and most respected men that are in my life. When my family and I were on our way to the hospital, we got a call that informed us that he had passed away. I felt so bad for his two sons, daughter, and wife; especially because I was very close to his youngest son. This was not only hard for his family or my family, but it hit the whole entire school hard. This only showed how great of a man he truly was. For me, this tragedy has taught me to live life to the fullest and to work hard at everything I do, because as humans, we do not know when our life will end. Coach â€Å"Sco† was riding his bicycle over twenty miles to school once or twice a week. I do not know anyone else who is doing that at his age. His determination and love for adventure was something that impacted peoples lives just by watching him. A quote that he said that is imprinted in everyone at my schools mind is, â€Å"Today is the first day of the rest of your life.† And he lived by this. By his example, it has made me want to live life to the fullest and never take anything for granted. He has made me want to work harder and get better every single day. Every time basketball season starts, I think of him. He has also shown me to give God the glory in everything that I do in life, winning or losing, to praise our Lord. His life will never be forgotten and he will be in my heart until the day that I die.

He Loves Her He Loves Her Not free essay sample

He Loves Her? He Loves Her Not? Essay, Research Paper The Elizabethan drama Hamlet by William Shakespeare is without a uncertainty one of Shakespeare? s most enigmatic dramas. Although the drama has a concise narrative, it is filled with many inquiries refering to different subjects behind the narrative line. One inquiry in peculiar is did Hamlet truly love Ophelia? This statement can be supported in both waies, nevertheless I feel that Hamlet did love Ophelia. Support for this determination comes from Hamlet? s intervention towards Ophelia in Act 3, Scene 2, and at Ophelia? s grave in Act 5, Scene 1. The drama Hamlet is about the tests, and trials met by Prince Hamlet, as he tries to seek retaliation for his male parent? s slaying. Since, Hamlet discovers the slaying of his male parent, and the criminal conversation and incest committed by his female parent he retains a really acrimonious and pessimistic position of the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on He Loves Her He Loves Her Not or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? That the Everlasting had non fixed His cannon? gainst self-slaughter? how weary, stale, level, and unprofitable seem to me all the utilizations of this world. ? ( 14 Act 1 Scene 2 Line 131 ) . It is through his monologue? s that the audience learns the deepnesss of Hamlet? s depression. Hamlet non merely regards the universe with pessimism, but he besides has suicidal feelings. The chief ground at this point for his choler and defeat, is his female parent? s disconnected matrimony to Claudius. The actions of his female parent seem to be what disgusts him most as he yells, ? infirmity thy name is adult female! ? ( 14 Act 1 Scene 2 Line 146 ) . It is this attitude that Hamlet has developed towards his female parent and adult females in general that plays a factor on his ulterior intervention of Ophelia in Act 3. Once Hamlet discovers the cause of his male parent? s decease, he assumes the temperament of a huffy adult male to mask his true purposes of retaliation. By making so Hamlet is now able to make, as he wants to, without being questioned of his behaviour. It may be the reader? s sentiment that he does this on one juncture during which he visits Ophelia. Ophelia subsequently relates this meeting to her male parent, stating him that Hamlet was non decently dressed, ? and with a expression so hapless in intent as if he had been loosed out of snake pit to talk of horrors-he comes before me. ? ( 39 Act 2 Scene 1 Line 84 ) . This scene comes shortly after Hamlet learns of his male parent? s slaying. To the reader it may look that Hamlet is looking to Ophelia for aid. The reader can pull the decision that he loves her, and that she is one the few loved 1s he has left to turn to. The reader can besides come to this same decision later in Act 2 when Polonius reads from one of Hamlet? s love missive? s to Ophelia, in which he says to her ?But that I love thee best, O most best, believe it.? (45 Act 2 Scene 2 Line 121).It is Act 3 Scene 1 where the reader might reconsider their opinion of Hamlet?s love for Ophelia. Before seeing her, Hamlet states the soliloquy in which he contemplates suicide. By this point his purpose for revenge has made him all the more miserable, and cynical. As Ophelia enters Hamlet?s spirits seemed to be aroused as he addresses her, ?The fair Ophelia. Nymph in thy orisons be all my sins remembered.? (65 Act 3 Scene 1 Line 90). However Hamlet?s good mood does not seem to last long. It is when Ophelia returns to him tokens of his affection that his attitude changes toward Ophelia. Hamlet starts to insult Ophelia, and taunt her. He tells her that he had once loved her, but then changes his statement to say that he had never loved her. To any reader who believes Hamlet truly did love Ophelia, these statements seem to be denial of the pain that Ophelia has caused him. However what the reader must remember is that he knows Ophelia does not mean what she says. This is discovered when out of the blue he asks where her father is. Hamlet knows that he is spying on them. It is Ophelia?s answer that angers him further, she lies that Polonius is at home. By lying to Hamlet, and doing the bidding of Polonius, and Claudius Ophelia has re-established Hamlet?s negative feelings towards women. Hamlet remembers his own mother?s fickleness, her dishonesty, and her frailty. Now seeing Ophelia do the same he can take no more and demands that she ?Get thee to a nunnery.? (66 Act 3 Scene 1 Line 122). It may be the reader?s opinion that Hamlet said this because he holds Ophelia in high regard, aside from the world he regards so cynically, he does not wish for her to become involved with it?s corruptness, therefore he feels she would remain fair in a nunnery. It is in Act 5, in which the reader has no doubt of Hamlet?s love for Ophelia. It is Ophelia?s funeral, and Hamlet co nfronts Laertes upon a test of their love for her. It is to this challenge that Hamlet declares, â€Å"I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum.? (131 Act 5 Scene 1 Line 272). Although there have been scenes in which the reader has great doubt, he/she comes to feel that Hamlet loved Ophelia. His claims of love, and his bitter reaction to her rejection prove his love. Although Shakespeare may not have made it clear, the popular belief supports Hamlet?s love for Ophelia. Shakespeare?s reason for inconsistency adds to the many mysteries of Hamlet.

Strategic Management Essays

Strategic Management Essays Strategic Management Essay Strategic Management Essay Essay Topic: The Glass Castle As the textbook say: The positive view of strategy is concerned with the firms actual strategy and how it comes to be. The normative view, on the other hand, is concerned with what the firms strategy should be. Positive view is actual exist but normative view is opinion based. . How do you assess innovative capabilities in a business or corporation. Innovation capabilities can be defined as the comprehensive set Of heartsickness of an organization that facilitate and support innovation strategies. Innovative capabilities exist at the business unit and corporate (multi business) levels. Business unit level audit: Timing of market entry. Technological leadership or fellowship. Scope of innovativeness. Rate of innovativeness. Five important categories of variables influence the innovation strategies of a business: Resources available for innovative activity Capacity to understand competitors strategies and industry evolution with respect to innovation Capacity to understand technological developments elevate to the business unit. Structural and cultural context of the business unit affecting internal entrepreneurial behavior. Strategic management capacity to deal with internal entrepreneurial initiatives. Corporate level audit: In general, corporate level innovate capabilities can be characterized in terms of: The scope and rate of development of new products and services and production and delivery systems that are derived from combining innovative capabilities across existing business units. The scope and rate of new business development based on corporate R and technology development efforts. The timing of entry with respect to the previous two. Five categories of variables are considered for the corporate level audit: Resource availability and allocation. Virgin offers two mobile broadband tariffs (see Table 1). Its launch offering was a standalone package of BOB for GOBI 5 per month. It was followed shortly afterwards by the launch of a bundle of fixed and mobile broadband services, priced at either KBPS or GOBI more than the fixed broadband service on its own. No further tariffs have been introduced. Table 1: Virgin Medias mobile broadband tariffs [Source: Analyses Mason, 2009] Tariff Price Standalone Bundled Bandwidth cap Excess charge Contact length GOBI 5 BOB GUPPY per MOB 18 months KBPS or GOBI addition to fixed broadband price KGB 12 months The lower price is available to subscribers of higher-speed fixed broadband services. Virgins standalone offering is not differentiated from the competition However, there is little to differentiate Virgin Medias standalone offering from the competition: it is almost identical to the tariffs of the Auks five Moos, including those of its host, T- Mobile. All five Moos charge no more than Virgin for the same package, at GOBI 5 per month (see Table 2), and have offerings that are superior in several ways. For example, T-Mobile does not levy excess charges on its subscribers, which Virgin and the other four operators do. This gives T-Mobile an advantage in winning subscribers who want to be able to predict the of the size of their bill. Most of the other operators also offer a choice of contract lengths and prepaid tariffs; Virgin offers neither. T-Mobile offers four contract lengths (including a rolling contract) as well as prepaid accounts; Hutchison 36 1-J and Avoidance offer three (and prepaid) and 02 offers two (and prepaid). Only Orange is the same as Virgin in offering no choice at all. Table 2: I-J operators standalone mobile broadband offerings [Source: Analyses Mason, 2009] Operator Contract types/lengths offered Prepaid Rolling 12-month 24-month (18-month contract) 8 GOBI 5. 00 Virgin Media Modem price Excess charges? Free Yes Hutchison G 9 02 GUPPY. 69 Orange GUPPY. 68 T-Mobile No Avoidance Note: Introductory discounts, where applicable, have been spread over the duration of the contract to enable comparison. 1 12-month contract. Avoidance does not offer a rolling contract, but it has a powerful alternative in the form of its prepaid deal, which offers subscribers credit that lasts for six months, as compared with the more common one-month expiry limit for prepaid credit. L For further details, see Wheaton, M. Moos should priorities prepaid mobile broadband offers over rolling monthly contracts, Analyses Mason (Cambridge, 2009). O Analyses Mason Limited 2009 3 Virgin (and Orange) are therefore unable to address two key market segments, which comprise users who are: ; unwilling to commit to a contract either because they are new to mobile broadband, or for other reasons unlikely to view a contract as good value for money because their usage will be low or irregular. Hutchison 36, T-Mobile and Avoidance are able to address the needs of these customers, whereas Virgin (and Orange) are likely to struggle.

Strategic Management of International Enterprises Essay

Strategic Management of International Enterprises - Essay Example (Savitsky & Burky, 2004). Globalization continues to grow in its effort for a coherent global economy previously separated by culture, geography, or nationality. Global competition, entry strategies, strategic timing and positioning, the government rules and policies, the local culture, investments, and the target market are some of the issues that confront companies wanting to expand overseas. Due to globalization, situation has altered to keep pace with the changes. Nevertheless, challenges remain and this report presents how Motorola faced the challenges like ethical and corporate social responsibility, cultural diversity, and marketing strategies. Motorola is a global leader in wireless, automotive and broadband communications. Motorola possesses world class technologies in global procurement rules and channel which it applied globally. It has an excellent marketing strategy. Motorola has established themselves as quality leaders and were early winners of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in the USA. Motorola is admired as the role model for corporate excellence. According to the Fortune Magazine, Motorola is the titan of TQM, the epitome of empowerment, tribune of training, icon of innovation and prince of profits (Winston, 1996). Reconciling with the local government is an important factor for any MNC to enter a market. Motorola identified telecommunications as an important field which the government of any country is concerned about. Accordingly, they put the highest priority in reconciliation with the local government. It responded to China’s reform and liberalization policies and formulated strategies to target China’s domestic market. Before entering the market it determined certain investment fields and investment amounts with a clear vision from the beginning of the position it wanted to attain in China. Its clear-cut investment policy and insiderization efforts contributed to its success in China (Hara & Nakanishi, 2004). It

Living with PTSD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Living with PTSD - Assignment Example The paper has to conclude with the recognition of the current treatment trends and see the implications of the above mentioned points to the future researches in fighting against Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Traumatic events seem to surround people everywhere: accidents on the streets, violence in the neighborhood and even at home, sexual, mental or emotional abuses, natural disasters every now and then, and wars and terrorism – name it, the world seems to be its natural source. One of the most intriguing movements that have shaped and influenced the treatment of PTSD today was the war in Vietnam. Many of the soldiers who were able to come back from the war have been identified to have developed the disorder. This essay makes a conclusion that the particular population in the United States who has developed Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is indeed comparatively small as it only accounts almost only 4% of the total adult population. On the other hand, it is still considered significant for the people – especially those who have influences in the treatment or dealing with PTSD sufferers – to have dependable knowledge of the causes, effects and treatment of PTSD. Moreover, more researches on evidence-based practice and how to be in charge of the controllable sources of trauma can lead to the lessening of the prevalence of PTSD if total eradication is impossible since this disorder most often than not can hinder one from living one’s life normally and without fear and anxiety.

Impact of Einsteins Discoveries

Impact of Einsteins Discoveries TOPIC: DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF EINSTEIN’S INVENTIONS ON SOCIETY INTRODUCTION Albert Einstein is one of the most celebrated scientists in history. His work helped bring a new era of discovery and knowledge to the area of physics. However he is not just known for his famous equation for the conservation of energy and matter or his theory of relativity. Throughout his career he became the Edison of physics helping to contribute many important pieces of physics to our understanding of the universe and how it works. Without Einstein’s inventions we would be further behind in physics than we are now. There are two major contributions he made in physics. The most interesting correlation was his visionary view of the universe and how it works. Many believed that Einstein has been able to construct a mental image of the universe and used this as the basis of much of his works. Every time he makes a new proposal the experiments and data would prove making him the da Vinci of the 20th century. Many articles have been written about Albert Einstein for the universe. HISTORY OF EINSTEIN Albert Einstein was a German theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the pillars of modern physics. He is best known in popular culture for his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2. He received the Nobel Prize in physics for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the kingdom of Wurttemberg in the German empire on 14 March 1879. His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein. The family moved to Munich in 1880. Albert Einstein attended a catholic school from the age of five for three years. When he was eight he was transferred to the luitpold gymnasium, where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left Germany seven years later. On 17 April 1955, Albert Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rapture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically in 1948. He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the state of Israel’s seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but didn’t live long enough to complete it. Einstein refused surgery saying;†I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share it is time to go. I will do it elegantly.† He died in the hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work even till the end. During the autopsy, the pathologist of Princeton hospital removed Einstein’s brain for preservation without the permission of his family, with the hope that scientist would be able to discover what made him so intelligent. Einstein’s remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location. INVENTIONS OF EINSTEIN Einstein’s invention changed the world in a variety of ways and while most people know the man is one of the many geniuses to ever live, most people don’t know exactly what he did or invented. The following are most of Einstein’s invention: The Refrigerator: this is one of the most important inventions in the society by Einstein. This was incredibly important because it allowed people to store food in a cold place for an extended period of time, rather than forcing them to eat it on the spot or lose money when the foods spoiled. The refrigerator also helped reduce diseases among people who would occasionally eat rotten food because they didn’t know or were hungry and didn’t have any other option. The Theory of Relativity: this theory is also known as E=mc2 which is Einstein’s best invention, as it is what led to the ability to create nuclear fusion. This invention has two opposite effect, as it allowed people to harness energy but also allowed people to build the nuclear bomb. Why the Sky is Blue: Einstein solved this question by calculating the scattering of light from molecules. He proved this by conducting a simple experiment. Quantum Physics: this theory is called the photoelectric effect. This showed that when a quanta of light strikes atoms in metal, electrons are released. This was the basis for quantum physics, which Einstein also invented through his experimentation. Formula for Brownian motion: this is one of his early inventions, based on experiments he did while he was in college. He described the Brownian motion as the movement of particles in liquids. No one has documented this effectively till Einstein came. IMPACT OF EINSTEIN’S INVENTIONS ON SOCIETY Though Einstein did not write his most important essays for practical use or personal profit, his unique thoughts on light, time and space have led to many technological innovations which appear to us today to be quite normal. Many people associate Einstein with the development of the atomic bomb or nuclear energy. In 1905, Einstein was indeed the first person to prove that atoms actually exist. And in his most famous formula that E=mc2, he showed that the mass of atoms contains enormous quantities of energy. But this theory was only of indirect importance of the atomic revolution. His ideas had much direct influence on inventions such as the television, for example. It is thanks to his special theory of relativity that we are able to receive such sharp images today. Electrons are accelerated in a television and according to the theory of relativity, the mass of electrons thereby increases measurably. Digital cameras can only take pictures because they contain sensor which converts light into electricity. The principle can be traced directly back to Einstein, who explained the photoelectric effect. Not just that, his work form the basis for the development of all equipment which converts light into electricity from digital cameras to solar cells which also made him win the Nobel Prize in November 1922. All the technologies which involve the use of laser beams are based on Einstein’s theories. Einstein was the first to recognize the principles of monochrome, bundled laser light. Satellite-assisted positioning systems on earth, so-called GPS, make use of Einstein’s idea. Einstein’s influence on present day inventions is still effective till now. Einstein played an important role in pending quantum computer technological revolution. He recognized that particles can be in different states at the same time. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF EINSTEIN’S INVENTIONS Albert Einstein’s major contribution to science has extracted the positive impacts. One of his impacts is his early work on relativity dealt only with systems or observers in uniform motion with respect to one another and is referred to as the special theory of relativity. In 1911 he asserted the equivalence of gravitation and inertia, and in 1916 he completed his mathematical formulation of a general theory of relativity that included gravitation as a determiner of the curvature of a space time continuum. Another of Einstein’s impact is the invention of photons and the quantum theory. He postulated light quantum, upon which he based his explanation of the photoelectric effect, and he developed the quantum theory of specific heat. Although he was one of the leading figures in the development of quantum theory, Einstein regarded it as only a temporarily useful structure. Einstein wished his theories to have that simplicity and beauty which he thought fitting for an interpretation of the universe and which he did not find in quantum theory. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF EINSTEIN’S INVENTIONS Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity and his general theory of relativity was made public in 1915. He did not directly participate in the invention of atomic bombs but as we go on we will get to know that he was instrumental in facilitating its development. He declared that large amount of energy could be released from the small amount of matter, with the equation E=mc2. Though bombs were not what he had in mind when in published his equation. Einstein’s greatest role in the invention of the atomic bomb was signing a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging that the bomb be built. As the realization of nuclear weapons grew near, Einstein looked beyond the current war to future problems that such weapons could bring. He wrote to physicist Niels Bohr in December 1944,†when the war is over, then there will be in all countries a pursuit of secret war preparations with technological means which will lead inevitably to preventative wars and to destru ction even more terrible than the present destruction of life.†[Clark, pg. 698]. In November 1954, five months before his death, Einstein summarized his feelings about his role in the creation of the atomic bomb:†I made one great mistake in my life†¦ when I signed the letter to president Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made, but there was some justification –the danger that Germans would make them†.[Clark, pg. 752] CONCLUSION Albert’s intellectual growth was strongly fostered at home. His mother, a talented pianist, ensured the children’s musical education. His father regularly read schiller and Heine aloud to the family. Uncle Jakob challenged Albert with mathematical problems, which he solved with deep feelings of happiness. More significant were the weekly visits of max Talmud from 1889 to 1894 during which time he introduced the boy to popular scientific texts that brought to an end a short-lived religious phase, convincing him that a lot in the bible stories could not be true. A textbook of plane geometry that he quickly worked through led on to an avid self-study of mathematics, several years ahead of school curriculum. REFERENCES â€Å"The legend of a dull-witted child who grew up to be a genius† Albert Einstein archives. Retrieved 23 July 2012 Whittaker, E.(1955).†Albert Einstein. 1879-1955†. Biographical memoirs of fellows of the royal society. Hans-josef kuepper. †list of scientific publications of Albert Einstein†. Einstein-website.de.retrieved 3 April 2011. The Columbia electrons encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2012, Columbia university press. Richard Rhodes, the making of the atomic bomb. Ronald clark, Einstein: the life and times, the American institute of physics albert Einstein website â€Å"Albert Einstein inventions† by Irving Oala 29th may 2011, tech and gear. NASA star child biography of Albert Einstein,† was Einstein a space alien?† article